Nelson Mandela: A Life Of Arrest, Bans and Jailings
Nelson Mandela, Transvaal President and Deputy President of the banned ANC, was born in Umtata 46 years ago, the son of a prominent chief. In his early life he was fascinated with his people's history and culture. After matriculating he went to Fort Hare where he was drawn into student politics. When Mandela was told that a marriage had been arranged for him at home, he fled to Johannesburg in 191. There he met Walter Sisulu, who introduced him to a legal to which Mandela became articled. His white employer helped Mandela to become an attorney. Mandela believed that Africans in South Africa were one people as far as their interests and destiny were concerned. And in 1944 he joined the African National Congress. With Oliver Tambo and others, he founded the vigorous ANC Youth League. Tambo and Mandela eventually went into legal practice s partners in their our firm. In 1952, Mandela became Transvaal President of the ANC under Chief Albert Luthuli, a man he much admired. Since then his life has been a succession of arrests, bans and terms in jail. He was held as an organiser of the Defiance Campaign, he was called upon to resign from Congress, he was confined to Johannesburg, prohibited from gatherings and, in effect, silenced. In 1961 he went underground. Early in 1962 Mandela left the country and toured Africa before before visiting England where he met the late Hugh Gaitskell, then leader of the Labour Party, and Jo Grimond, Liberal Party leader. On his return to South Africa he was jailed for five years for leaving the country without a passport and inciting people to strike. He is the No 1 accused in the Rivonia Trial. Twice married, Mandela has five children. His second wife, Winnie, daughter of Transkei Minister of Agriculture Columbus Madikizela, shares his dedication. She is prohibited from attending gatherings and confined to Johannesburg. Story taken from Drum Magazine June 1964 ©BAHA
DM2000012415:SAED:POLITICS:SEP1957 - Treason Trial - This is how the Drill Hall was set up for the trial. The trial started on December 19, 1956. As the biggest case in South Africa's history lumbered to the end of its first stage this August 1957, the 156 accused men and women wondered how many of them would be back in court again. The 156 national leaders had first appeared at a preparatory examination into treason at the end of 1956, in the specially constructed court at the Drill Hall, Johannesburg; they had spent their lives in and out of court for most of 1957; and they could now see the possibility of the same prospect for the third calendar year, 1958, if they were committed for trial in the Supreme Court. (Photograph by Drum photographer � Baileys Archive) neg Treason file
DM2001022603:GCP:SOCIAL:PERSONALITY:20SEP1970 - Miss Winnie Mandela at her house in Orlando. Day Of Tears And Joy. The Terrorist Act trial. Mr Justice Viljoen handed down an 84-page judgement when he cleared 19 of the accused and rejected the application for freedom by the 20th Benjamin Sello Ramotse. The 19 made their application on the ground that the charges they were facing were similar to those of which they were acquitted by Mr Justice Bekker on February 16, 1970. They claimed they could not be tried twice for the same offences. They were acquitted because charges in the first trial under the Suppression of Communism Act, were very much the same as those in the present Terrorism Act. (Photograph by Drum Photographer Baileys Archives)
DM2001022611:GCP:SOCIAL:PERSONALITY:11DEC1956 - After The Ball Was Over - Miss Winnie Mandela student at Hofmeyer school of Studies in Johannesburg. (Photograph by Drum Photographer Baileys Archives)
DM2001022608:GCP:POLITICS:PERSONALITY:11AUG1963 - Chief Sabata at Orlando West with his sister Samile and Mrs Winnie Mandela. (Photograph by Drum Photographer Baileys Archives)
DM2000111416:SAED:POLITICS:PERSONALITIES:DEC1963 - South Africa goes on Trial - Winnie Mandela. The whole world was watching when the three major sabotage trials started in Pretoria, Cape Town and Maritzburg. Outside the Palace of Justice during the Rivonia Trial. (Photograph by Alf Kumalo Baileys Archives) protest, neg P3
DM2000020108:GCP:POLITICS:PERSONALITY:WOMEN:1MAY1955 - 21 Women in Court - The charge: taking part in 'Boycott Disturbances' - Nelson Mandela who is representing the women in court is addressing them before the court appearance. The Alberton magistrate court was packed to the windows, when 21 women appeared before Mr Odendaal on charges of public disturbance. It is alleged that the women took part in disturbances that arose as a result of a boycott of the Bantu Education Act at Natalspruit on April 13.It was also alleged that the women took part in disturbing the public peace by roaring, shouting, making noises and quarelling, thereby collecting a crowd, or by other riotous behaviour. The women pleaded not guilty. (Photograph by Drum Photographer Baileys Archives) passes, women's march neg 622
DM2000012407:SAED:POLITICS:PERSONALITY:NOV58 - Treason Trial Halts - Nelson Mandela, Aziz Pahad and Winnie Mandela outside the court. October 13, 1958 - the mild, cloudy Pretoria morning on which the most sensational of things happened for the 91 men and women of all races facing a charge of high treason. Mr Pirow, leader of the Crown team at the trial, rose to his feet, touched a colleague who was still addressing the court, and brought the microphone to his mouth. \"Your Lordship, I withdraw the indictment against the accused,\" he said in his hoarse voice. The height of the trial's drama had come. Up in the packed non-white gallery, black faces lit up and swung round to take swift looks at the judges, still wondering if they had heard right. Out in the street, where spectators and photographers were pressing on the accused, shouts of \"Africa\" rang high and firm, victory handshakes spelled the day's relief. (Photograph by Drum photographer � Baileys Archive) neg Treason file
DM2000033131:EAED:POLITICS:PERSONALITY:1990's - Nelson Mandela, Alfred Nzo and other African Statesmen on a visit to Ghana with Jerry Rawlings. (Photograph Unknown)
DM2000111410:SAED:POLITICS:PERSONALITIES:DEC1963 - South Africa goes on Trial - Winnie Mandela Mandela's mother. The whole world was watching when the three major sabotage trials started in Pretoria, Cape Town and Maritzburg. Outside the Palace of Justice during the Rivonia Trial. (Photograph by Alf Kumalo Baileys Archives) protest, police
DM2003120911:SAED:POLITICS:PERSONALITIES:DEC1963 - South Africa goes on Trial - Winnie Mandela Mandela's mother. The whole world was watching when the three major sabotage trials started in Pretoria, Cape Town and Maritzburg. Outside the Palace of Justice during the Rivonia Trial. (Photograph by Alf Kumalo Baileys Archives) protest, police
DM2004011502:SAED:SOCIAL:POLITICS:WOMEN:MAY1961 - Fourteen Hundred Delegates From All Over South Africa Went To Maritzburg, Where They Sounded A New And Powerful Call For Unity - Nelson Mandela. The odds were all against success, and yet the outcome was a triumph, an indication of a new spirit of resolve which has emerged among the African people. Few meetings can have been preceded by so many unfavorouble omens as the the All-In-Africa Conference at Maritzburg. There was a ban on the two main political organisations, the round ups and the imprisonment of leaders, the last minute withrawal of some Liberal Party and Ex-P.A.C. men, the difficulty of finding accomodation for delegates, the problems with transport . There was the decision to change the hall after tape recording wires were reported to have been found in the original venue. Yet despite all this, 1 4000 delegates from all over the Union got to Maritzburg and many of them slept out in the veld because there was no other place
DM2003082603:SAED:PERSONALITY:POLITICS:WOMEN:24OCT1965 - When Winnie Was A Dairy Maid - Winnie Madikizela-Mandela (Photograph by Alf Kumalo BAHA), Nomzamo
DM2000020205:SAED:PERSONALITY:POLITICS: - Nelson Mandela Chatting to Ruth First. (Photograph by Drum Photographer @ Baileys Archives)
DM2006120704:SAED:PERSONALITY:POLITICS:SEP1958 - The crown verus 91 - Treason gets off to a surprise start - Treason trial in Pretoria at the old synagogue in Paul Kruger Street, which was converted into a court. The Hungry: defendants Mrs S.Bunting, N. Mandela A.Kathrada during lunch break. (Photograph by Drum Photographer @ Baileys Archives)ANC
DM1999072318:SAED:POLITICS:PERSONALITY:BOXING:1957 - Nelson Mandela with champion Jerry Moloi during the Treason Trial. Mandela used to spar after sitting in the dock all day, for relaxation and recreation. (Photograph by Bob Gosani Baileys Archive)
DM2000020206:SAED:PERSONALITY:POLITICS:1955 - Nelson Mandela with Peter Nthite, another Youth League leader in the African National Congress. During lunch break at the Treason Trial in Pretoria behind the synagogue. (Photograph by Peter Magubane @ Baileys Archives) ANC
DM2003120912:GCP:POLITICS:PERSONALITY:20SEP1970 - Day Of Tears And Joy - The Terrorist Act trial. Winnie Mandela holding a child. Mr Justice Viljoen handed down an 84-page judgement when he cleared 19 of the accused and rejected the application for freedom by the 20th Benjamin Sello Ramotse. The 19 made their application on the ground that the charges they were facing were similar to those of which they were acquitted by Mr Justice Bekker on February 16, 1970. They claimed they could not be tried twice for the same offences. They were acquitted because charges in the first trial under the Suppression of Communism Act, were very much the same as those in the present Terrorism Act. (Photograph by Drum Photographer BAHA)
DM2000090409:SAED:POLITICS:PERSONALITY:SEP1963 - After The Trial, Sabotage - I'll Never Forget Rivonia - The voices of the crowd raised in song outside the Palace of Justice on Verdict Day (11 June) in the Rivonia Trial at Pretoria ... the priest who led them in song as they waited for the judgement ... and the way they burst into 'Nkosi Sikelela' as Winnie Mandela appeared on the steps. The bewildered look on the face of the old Mrs Mandela - Nelson's mother who had come all the way from Umtata to hear her son found guilty of sabotage and sentenced to life inprisonment. (Photograph by Drum Photographer Baileys Archives)
DM2000012521:SAED:POLITICS:PERSONALITY:BOXING:SEP1957 - Treason: End of Round One - To keep fit, Nelson Mandela, solicitor, was at Jerry Moloi's boxing gym at Orlando every evening. He's shadow-sparring with Moloi (right) a professional featherweight. As the biggest case in South Africa's history lumbered to the end of its first stage this August 1957, the 156 accused men and women wondered how many of them would be back in court again. The 156 national leaders had first appeared at a preparatory examination into treason at the end of 1956, in the specially constructd court at the Drill Hall, Johannesburg; they had spent their lives in and out of court for most of 1957; and they could now see the possibility of the same prospect for the third calendar year, 1958, if they were committed for trial in the Supreme Court. (Photograph by Drum photographer � Baileys Archive)
DM2000121319:SAED:PERSONALITY:POLITICS: :SEP1970 - Winnie Mandela at a party to celebrate the release of 19 detainees by Viljoen.The Terrorist Act trial. Winnie Mandela with Joyce Sikhakhane. Mr Justice Viljoen handed down an 84-page judgement when he cleared 19 of the accused and rejected the application for freedom by the 20th Benjamin Sello Ramotse. The 19 made their application on the ground that the charges they were facing were similar to those of which they were acquitted by Mr Justice Bekker on February 16, 1970. They claimed they could not be tried twice for the same offences. They were acquitted because charges in the first trial under the Suppression of Communism Act, were very much the same as those in the present Terrorism Act. (Photograph by Ralph Ndawo ̩̉ Baileys Archives)
DM2001022601:GCP:SOCIAL:PERSONALITY:12AUG1962 - Reunion was in the cells - Attractive Mrs Winnie Mandela, the wife of Nelson Mandela, who had a brief reunion with her husband in the cells on Wednesday. For two days Mrs Mandela has not been to work. (Photograph by Drum Photographer BAHA)
DM20000414010:POLITICS:PERSONALITY:MAY1961- Fourteen Hundred Delegates From South Africa Went To Maritzburg, Where They Sounded A New And Powerful Call For Unit - Mandela Talks - The odds were all against success, and yet the outcome was a triumph, an indication of a new spirit of resolve which has emerged among the the African people. Few meetings can have been preceeded by by so many unfavourable omens as the All-In Africa Conference at Maritzburg. (Photograph by Drum photographer Baileys Archive)
DM2000020204:SAED:PERSONALITY:POLITICS:SEP1958 - The crown verus 91 - Treason gets off to a suprise start - Nelson Mandela during a tea/lunch break. Treason trial in Pretoria at the old synagogue in Paul Kruger Street, which was converted into a court. The Hungry: defendants Mrs S.Bunting and N. Mandela have a bite while friends look on (Photograph by Drum Photographer @ Baileys Archives)ANC, Indian Congress
DM2001022609:SAED:POLITICS:PERSONALITY:SEP1962 - My Man - By Winnie Mandela As Told To Nathaniel Nakasa. Whatever she wears, Winie adds her own elegance. You see her with baby Zinziswa here. "The people are like members of my family now. They are in my house everyday.The speaker was Winnie Mandela." (Photograph by Drum Photographer Baileys Archives)
DM2000022204:SAED:POLITICS:PERSONALITY:SEP1963 - After The Trial, Sabotage - I'll Never Forget Rivonia - The voices of the crowd raised in song outside the Palace of Justice on Verdict Day (11 June) in the Rivonia Trial at Pretoria ... the priest who led them in song as they waited for the judgement ... and the way they burst into 'Nkosi Sikelela' as Winnie Mandela appeared on the steps. The bewildered look on the face of the old Mrs Mandela - Nelson's mother who had come all the way from Umtata to hear her son found guilty of sabotage and sentenced to life inprisonment. (Photograph by Drum Photographer Baileys Archives)
DM2000012517:SAED:POLITICS:PERSONALITY:BOXING:SEP1957 - Treason: End of Round One - To keep fit, Nelson Mandela, solicitor, was at Jerry Moloi's boxing gym at Orlando every evening. He's shadow-sparring with Moloi (right) a professional featherweight. As the biggest case in South Africa's history lumbered to the end of its first stage this August 1957, the 156 accused men and women wondered how many of them would be back in court again. The 156 national leaders had first appeared at a preparatory examination into treason at the end of 1956, in the specially constructd court at the Drill Hall, Johannesburg; they had spent their lives in and out of court for most of 1957; and they could now see the possibility of the same prospect for the third calendar year, 1958, if they were committed for trial in the Supreme Court. (Photograph by Drum photographer © Baileys Archive)
DM2001121001:SAED:POLITICS:PERSONALITY:SEP1958 - The Crown Versus 91 - Treason Trial Gets Off To A Suprise Start. The defendents: Nelson Mandela comes to Pretoria with others on a special bus from Jo'burg. It is the end of many months of waiting, the beginning of yet another journey. (Photograph by Drum Photographer BAHA)
DM2000111401:SAED:POLITICS:PERSONALITIES:DEC1963 - South Africa goes on Trial - Winnie Mandela with Nelson Mandela's mother outside the palace of justice. The whole world was watching when the three major sabotage trials started in Pretoria, Cape Town and Maritzburg. Outside the Palace of Justice during the Rivonia Trial. (Photograph by Alf Kumalo Baileys Archives) protest
DM2000012519:SAED:POLITICS:PERSONALITY:BOXING:SEP1957 - Treason: End of Round One - To keep fit, Nelson Mandela, solicitor, was at Jerry Moloi's boxing gym at Orlando every evening. He's shadow-sparring with Moloi (right) a professional featherweight. As the biggest case in South Africa's history lumbered to the end of its first stage this August 1957, the 156 accused men and women wondered how many of them would be back in court again. The 156 national leaders had first appeared at a preparatory examination into treason at the end of 1956, in the specially constructd court at the Drill Hall, Johannesburg; they had spent their lives in and out of court for most of 1957; and they could now see the possibility of the same prospect for the third calendar year, 1958, if they were committed for trial in the Supreme Court. (Photograph by Drum photographer � Baileys Archive)
DM2001070502:SAED:STORY:POLITICS:MAY1980 - Zinzi Mandela, My Visit To Robben Island - ( BAHA)
DM2000111407:SAED:POLITICS:PERSONALITIES:DEC1963 - South Africa goes on Trial - Winnie Mandela. The whole world was watching when the three major sabotage trials started in Pretoria, Cape Town and Maritzburg. Outside the Palace of Justice during the Rivonia Trial. (Photograph by Alf Kumalo Baileys Archives) protest
DM2000111402:SAED:POLITICS:PERSONALITIES:DEC1963 - South Africa goes on Trial - Winnie Mandela with Nelson Mandela's mother outside the palace of justice. The whole world was watching when the three major sabotage trials started in Pretoria, Cape Town and Maritzburg. Outside the Palace of Justice during the Rivonia Trial. (Photograph by Alf Kumalo Baileys Archives) protest, Winnie with Zinzi and Zenani
DM2001022606:GCP:POLITICS:PERSONALITY:20SEP1970 - Trial of the 22 - Day Of Tears And Joy - For Winnie Mandela - The happiness of holding a baby again after 16 months. Mrs Mandela, who had'nt seen a baby since her arrest in May last year, clutches little Paul Dlamini outside court after she had been freed. Paul is the grand-daughter of Winnie's co-accused Martha Dlamini, and was born on February 16, the day the 22 were acquited and then rearrested. (Photograph by Drum Photographer Baileys Archives)
DM2001022612:GCP:SOCIAL:PERSONALITY :19SEP1970 - Miss Winnie Mandela with a neighbour at her house in Orlando. Day Of Tears And Joy. The Terrorist Act trial. Mr Justice Viljoen handed down an 84-page judgement when he cleared 19 of the accused and rejected the application for freedom by the 20th Benjamin Sello Ramotse. The 19 made their application on the ground that the charges they were facing were similar to those of which they were acquitted by Mr Justice Bekker on February 16, 1970. They claimed they could not be tried twice for the same offences. They were acquitted because charges in the first trial under the Suppression of Communism Act, were very much the same as those in the present Terrorism Act. (Photograph by Drum Photographer Baileys Archives)
DM2000020107:SAED:POLITICS:PERSONALITY:JUN1955 - The shut-down on African education - Nelson Mandela outside the Bantu Education Building - A Black cloud is sweeping over African education today. There is a pincer movement closing in on centers of learning. In primary schools that unfortunate Bantu Education Act has arrived! Masses of parents, under the banner of the African National Congress, particularly on the Reef, went on boycott from the fatal day of April 1 by withdrawing their children from schools. And the Goverments reply? numbers of children who did not turn up for school by and on April 25 have been banned from schooling anywhere in the Union. As a result, of a total number of 6,948 pupils coming under this ban, 116 teachers in all have been served with a month's notice to leave school. The school - going population outside school has thus been increased immensely. Banned pupils, sacked teachers, half-empty classes. (Photograph by Drum Photographer Baileys Archives) n
DM2004011503:SAED:SOCIAL:POLITICS:WOMEN:MAY1961 - Fourteen Hundred Delegates From All Over South Africa Went To Maritzburg, Where They Sounded A New And Powerful Call For Unity - Nelson Mandela. The odds were all against success, and yet the outcome was a triumph, an indication of a new spirit of resolve which has emerged among the African people. Few meetings can have been preceded by so many unfavorouble omens as the the All-In-Africa Conference at Maritzburg. There was a ban on the two main political organisations, the round ups and the imprisonment of leaders, the last minute withrawal of some Liberal Party and Ex-P.A.C. men, the difficulty of finding accomodation for delegates, the problems with transport . There was the decision to change the hall after tape recording wires were reported to have been found in the original venue. Yet despite all this, 1 4000 delegates from all over the Union got to Maritzburg and many of them slept out in the veld because there was no other place
DM2006120703SAED:PERSONALITY:POLITICS:SEP1958 - The crown verus 91 - Treason gets off to a surprise start - Treason trial in Pretoria at the old synagogue in Paul Kruger Street, which was converted into a court. The Hungry: defendants Mrs S.Bunting, N. Mandela A.Kathrada during lunch break. (Photograph by Drum Photographer @ Baileys Archives)ANC
DM2000111408:SAED:POLITICS:PERSONALITIES:DEC1963 - South Africa goes on Trial - Winnie Mandela. The whole world was watching when the three major sabotage trials started in Pretoria, Cape Town and Maritzburg. Outside the Palace of Justice during the Rivonia Trial. (Photograph by Alf Kumalo Baileys Archives) protest, journalists, media
DM2004011304:SAED:SOCIAL:POLTICS:MAY1961 - Fourteen Hundred Delegates From All Over South Africa Went To Pietermaritzburg, Where They Sounded A New And Powerful Call For Unity - Mandela talks. Ex ANC leader calls for a non-racial constitution in SA. "We should emerge from this conference with the fullest preparations for a fully reprsentative multiracial national convention. From this conference will come the foundation of a fully democratic government," he told the gathering. Crowded out. No room inside at this session. Friends keep them informed of talks. (Photograph by G.R. Naidoo or Ranjith Kally BAHA) ANC, adopt the armed struggle
DM2000020210:SAED:PERSONALITY:POLITICS:NOV 1958 â Treason Trial Halts â Nelson Mandela with Moses Kotane (left) beam out of the court in seconds. For the moment there is nothing that can worry them. October 13, 1958 the mild, cloudy Pretoria morning on which the most sensational of things happened for the 91 men and women of all races facing a charge of high treason. Mr Pirow, leader of the Crown team at the trial, rose to his feet, touched a colleague who was still addressing the court, and brought the microphone to his mouth. \"Your Lordship, I withdraw the indictment against the accused,\" he said in his hoarse voice. The height of the trial's drama had come. Up in the packed non-white gallery, black faces lit up and swung round to take swift looks at the judges, still wondering if they had heard right. Out in the street, where spectators and photographers were pressing on the accused, shouts of \"Africa\" rang high and firm, victory handshakes spelled the day's relief. (Photograph by Drum Photographer ©BAHA)
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DM2001022607:GCP:POLITICS:PERSONALITY:20SEP1970 - Day Of Tears And Joy - The Terrorist Act trial. Winnie Mandela with Joyce Sikhakhane. Mr Justice Viljoen handed down an 84-page judgement when he cleared 19 of the accused and rejected the application for freedom by the 20th Benjamin Sello Ramotse. The 19 made their application on the ground that the charges they were facing were similar to those of which they were acquitted by Mr Justice Bekker on February 16, 1970. They claimed they could not be tried twice for the same offences. They were acquitted because charges in the first trial under the Suppression of Communism Act, were very much the same as those in the present Terrorism Act. (Photograph by Drum Photographer Baileys Archives)
DM2003082604:SAED:PERSONALITY:POLITICS:WOMEN:1960s - Winnie Madikizela-Mandela - (Photograph by Alf Kumalo BAHA), Nomzamo
DM2003120913::SAED:POLITICS:PERSONALITIES:DEC1963 - South Africa goes on Trial - Winnie Mandela and her sister. The whole world was watching when the three major sabotage trials started in Pretoria, Cape Town and Maritzburg. Outside the Palace of Justice during the Rivonia Trial. (Photograph by Alf Kumalo BAHA) protest, neg P3
DM2004011505:SAED:SOCIAL:POLITICS:WOMEN:MAY1961 - Fourteen Hundred Delegates From All Over South Africa Went To Maritzburg, Where They Sounded A New And Powerful Call For Unity - Nelson Mandela. The odds were all against success, and yet the outcome was a triumph, an indication of a new spirit of resolve which has emerged among the African people. Few meetings can have been preceded by so many unfavorouble omens as the the All-In-Africa Conference at Maritzburg. There was a ban on the two main political organisations, the round ups and the imprisonment of leaders, the last minute withrawal of some Liberal Party and Ex-P.A.C. men, the difficulty of finding accomodation for delegates, the problems with transport . There was the decision to change the hall after tape recording wires were reported to have been found in the original venue. Yet despite all this, 1 4000 delegates from all over the Union got to Maritzburg and many of them slept out in the veld because there was no other place
DM2000111418:SAED:POLITICS:PERSONALITIES:DEC1963 - South Africa goes on Trial - Winnie Mandela. The whole world was watching when the three major sabotage trials started in Pretoria, Cape Town and Maritzburg. Outside the Palace of Justice during the Rivonia Trial. (Photograph by Alf Kumalo Baileys Archives) protest, traditioan wear, neg P3
DM2001022602:SAED:POLITICS:PERSONALITY:SEP1970 - Winnie Mandela at a party to celebrate the release of 19 detainees by Viljoen.The Terrorist Act trial. Winnie Mandela with Joyce Sikhakhane. Mr Justice Viljoen handed down an 84-page judgement when he cleared 19 of the accused and rejected the application for freedom by the 20th Benjamin Sello Ramotse. The 19 made their application on the ground that the charges they were facing were similar to those of which they were acquitted by Mr Justice Bekker on February 16, 1970. They claimed they could not be tried twice for the same offences. They were acquitted because charges in the first trial under the Suppression of Communism Act, were very much the same as those in the present Terrorism Act. (Photograph by Drum Photographer Baileys Archives)
DM2001022604:GCP:SOCIAL:PERSONALITY :19SEP1970 - Miss Winnie Mandela at her house in Orlando. Day Of Tears And Joy. The Terrorist Act trial. Mr Justice Viljoen handed down an 84-page judgement when he cleared 19 of the accused and rejected the application for freedom by the 20th Benjamin Sello Ramotse. The 19 made their application on the ground that the charges they were facing were similar to those of which they were acquitted by Mr Justice Bekker on February 16, 1970. They claimed they could not be tried twice for the same offences. They were acquitted because charges in the first trial under the Suppression of Communism Act, were very much the same as those in the present Terrorism Act. (Photograph by Drum Photographer Baileys Archives)
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